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Top ten performance of titanium
Date : 2021-10-09
Titanium\r\nis a metal chemical element, chemical symbol Ti, atomic number 22, located in\r\nthe fourth period, IVB group in the periodic table of chemical elements. It is\r\na silver-white transition metal characterized by light weight, high strength,\r\nmetallic luster, and resistance to wet chlorine corrosion. But titanium cannot\r\nbe used in dry chlorine. Even dry chlorine at a temperature below 0°C will\r\nundergo a violent chemical reaction to form titanium tetrachloride, which will\r\nthen decompose to form titanium dichloride, or even burn. Only when the water\r\ncontent in the chlorine gas is higher than 0.5%, the titanium can maintain\r\nreliable stability in it.
Titanium\r\n[1] is considered a rare metal because it is scattered in nature and difficult\r\nto extract. But it is relatively rich, ranking tenth among all elements.\r\nTitanium ore mainly includes ilmenite and rutile, which are widely distributed\r\nin the crust and lithosphere. Titanium is also present in almost all living\r\nthings, rocks, water bodies and soil. The Kroll method or Hunter method is\r\nrequired to extract titanium from the main ore. The most common compound of\r\ntitanium is titanium dioxide, which can be used to make white pigments. Other\r\ncompounds also include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) (used as a catalyst and\r\nused to make smoke screens as air cover) and titanium trichloride (TiCl3) (used\r\nto catalyze the production of polypropylene)
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Content\r\ndistribution
The\r\nten-kilometer-thick stratum on the earth’s surface contains six thousandths of\r\ntitanium, 61 times more than copper, and ranks tenth in the crust (ranking\r\nelements in the crust: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium,\r\nPotassium, magnesium, hydrogen, titanium), just grab a handful of soil from the\r\nground, which contains a few thousandths of titanium. Titanium ore with\r\nreserves of more than 10 million tons in the world is not rare.
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There\r\nare hundreds of millions of tons of sand and gravel on the earth. Titanium and\r\nzirconium, two minerals heavier than sand and gravel, are mixed in the sand and\r\ngravel. Crushing with the zircon placer, on the long coast, a piece of titanium\r\nore layer and zirconium ore layer are formed. This mineral layer is a black\r\nsand, usually a few centimeters to tens of centimeters thick. Titanium is not\r\nferromagnetic, and nuclear submarines built with titanium do not have to worry\r\nabout attacks by magnetic mines.
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Physical\r\nproperties
Titanium\r\nhas metallic luster and ductility. The density is 4.5g/cm3. The melting point\r\nis 1668°C. The boiling point is 3287°C. Common valences +2, +3 and +4. The\r\nionization energy is 6.82 eV. The main characteristics of titanium are low\r\ndensity, high mechanical strength, and easy processing. The plasticity of\r\ntitanium mainly depends on purity. The purer the titanium, the greater the\r\nplasticity. It has good corrosion resistance and is not affected by the\r\natmosphere and sea water. At room temperature, it will not be corroded by\r\nhydrochloric acid below 7%, sulfuric acid below 5%, nitric acid, aqua regia or\r\ndilute alkali solution; only hydrofluoric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid,\r\nconcentrated sulfuric acid, etc. can act on it.
Titanium\r\nis an important alloying element in steel and alloys. The density of titanium\r\nis 4.506-4.516 g/cc (20°C), which is higher than aluminum but lower than iron,\r\ncopper, and nickel. But the specific strength is at the top of the metal. [6]\r\nThe melting point is 1668°C, the latent heat of fusion is 3.7-5.0 kcal/gram\r\natom, the boiling point is 3260±20°C, the latent heat of vaporization is 102.5-112.5\r\nkcal/gram atom, the critical temperature is 4350°C, and the critical pressure\r\nis 1130 atmospheres. Titanium has poor thermal and electrical conductivity,\r\nwhich is similar to or slightly lower than that of stainless steel. Titanium\r\nhas superconductivity. The superconducting critical temperature of pure\r\ntitanium is 0.38-0.4K. At 25°C, the heat capacity of titanium is 0.126 cal/gram\r\natom·degree, the enthalpy is 1149 cal/gram atom, and the entropy is 7.33\r\ncal/gram atom·degree. Titanium is a paramagnetic substance with a magnetic\r\npermeability of 1.00004.
Titanium\r\nhas plasticity. The elongation of high-purity titanium can reach 50-60%, and\r\nthe reduction of area can reach 70-80%, but the shrinkage strength is low (that\r\nis, the strength generated during shrinkage). The presence of impurities in\r\ntitanium has a great impact on its mechanical properties, especially\r\ninterstitial impurities (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon) can greatly increase the\r\nstrength of titanium and significantly reduce its plasticity. The good mechanical\r\nproperties of titanium as a structural material are achieved through strict\r\ncontrol of the appropriate impurity content and the addition of alloying\r\nelements.
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Top\r\nten performance
Low\r\ndensity, high specific strength
The\r\ndensity of titanium metal is 4.51g/cm3, which is higher than aluminum and lower\r\nthan steel, copper, and nickel, but its specific strength is at the top of the\r\nmetal.
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Corrosion\r\nresistance
Titanium\r\nis a very active metal, its equilibrium potential is very low, and the\r\nthermodynamic corrosion tendency in the medium is high. But in fact, titanium\r\nis very stable in many media. For example, titanium is corrosion-resistant in\r\noxidizing, neutral and weakly reducing media. This is because titanium and\r\noxygen have a great affinity. In the air or in an oxygen-containing medium, a\r\ndense, strong adhesion and inert oxide film is formed on the surface of\r\ntitanium, which protects the titanium matrix from corrosion. Even due to\r\nmechanical wear, it will quickly heal itself or regenerate. This indicates that\r\ntitanium is a metal with a strong tendency to passivation. The titanium oxide\r\nfilm always maintains this characteristic when the medium temperature is below\r\n315℃.
In\r\norder to improve the corrosion resistance of titanium, surface treatment\r\ntechnologies such as oxidation, electroplating, plasma spraying, ion nitriding,\r\nion implantation and laser treatment have been developed to enhance the\r\nprotection of the titanium oxide film and obtain the desired corrosion\r\nresistance. Effect. In response to the need for metal materials in the\r\nproduction of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, methylamine solution,\r\nhigh-temperature wet chlorine, and high-temperature chloride, a series of\r\ncorrosion-resistant titanium alloys such as titanium-molybdenum,\r\ntitanium-palladium, and titanium-molybdenum-nickel have been developed.\r\nTitanium castings are made of titanium-32 molybdenum alloy, titanium-0.3\r\nmolybdenum-0.8 nickel alloy is used in environments where crevice corrosion or\r\npitting corrosion is common, or titanium-0.2 palladium alloy is used locally in\r\ntitanium equipment, and they are all well used. Effect.
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Good\r\nheat resistance
The\r\nnew titanium alloy can be used for a\r\nlong time at a temperature of 600°C or higher.
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Good\r\nlow temperature resistance
Low\r\ntemperature titanium alloy represented by titanium alloy TA7 (Ti-5Al-2.5Sn),\r\nTC4 (Ti-6Al-4V) and Ti-2.5Zr-1.5Mo, etc., whose strength increases with the\r\ndecrease of temperature, but does not change plasticity. Big. It maintains good\r\nductility and toughness at low temperatures of -196-253°C, avoids cold\r\nbrittleness of metals, and is an ideal material for cryogenic containers,\r\nstorage boxes and other equipment.
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Strong\r\nresistance to damping
After\r\nmetal titanium is subjected to mechanical vibration and electrical vibration,\r\nits vibration decay time is the longest compared with steel and copper metal.\r\nThis performance of titanium can be used as a tuning fork, medical ultrasonic\r\npulverizer vibrating element and high-end acoustic speaker vibrating film, etc.
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Non-magnetic,\r\nnon-toxic
Titanium\r\nis a non-magnetic metal and will not be magnetized in a large magnetic field.\r\nIt is non-toxic and has good compatibility with human tissues and blood, so it\r\nis adopted by the medical profession.
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The\r\ntensile strength is close to its yield strength
This\r\nproperty of titanium shows that its yield ratio (tensile strength/yield\r\nstrength) is high, which means that the plastic deformation of metal titanium\r\nmaterial is poor during forming. Due to the large ratio of the yield limit of\r\ntitanium to the modulus of elasticity, the resilience of titanium during\r\nmolding is large.
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Good\r\nheat transfer performance
Although\r\nthe thermal conductivity of metallic titanium is lower than that of carbon\r\nsteel and copper, due to the excellent corrosion resistance of titanium, the\r\nwall thickness can be greatly reduced, and the heat exchange method between the\r\nsurface and the steam is dropwise condensation, which reduces the heat group. Without\r\nscaling, the thermal resistance can be reduced, and the heat transfer\r\nperformance of titanium can be significantly improved.
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Low\r\nmodulus of elasticity
The\r\nelastic modulus of titanium is 106.4GPa at room temperature, which is 57% of\r\nsteel.
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Inspiratory\r\nperformance
Titanium\r\nis a chemically very active metal, which can react with many elements and\r\ncompounds at high temperatures. Titanium getter mainly refers to the reaction\r\nwith carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen at high temperatures.
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